| | TOEFL Analytics - 토플 읽기 지문에 자주 등장하는 세계사 관련 주제 중 미국사, 영국사가 가장 빈번히 출제되는 추세다. 특히 영국사라면, 고대부터 중세, 근대에 걸쳐서 사건중심으로 역사적 흐름을 이해하고 있어야 어떤 지문이든지 무난히 접근할 수 있다. 최근에는 세계사와 관련된 서양 교육사가 출제되었으므로, 서양 역사의 기본 지식을 갖고 있어야 한다.
From 43 to 410 CE, a vast portion of the British Isles were under the control of the Roman Empire. The Romans referred to this region as Britannia. They established a provincial government and set up defensive outposts throughout occupied territories. However, the Romans were never able to fully conquer the region. By the 5th century, the Romans were forced to leave the British Isles, but the impact of their occupation remained in the form of various socioeconomic developments brought to the region throughout the nearly four centuries of occupation.
Roman occupation changed the economic development of the British Isles by bringing foreign investments and goods to domestic markets. Goods began to pour into the area from countries all across the then powerful Roman Empire. Archeological findings have shown that exotic imports were common and included olive oil, fruits, wines, decorative pottery, and fine tapestries. The growing commerce resulting from Roman investments also created a need for quality control measures. To ensure the quality of products entering the region, the Romans created more sophisticated trading procedures. One such method of quality control was customs posts used to inspect goods and to levy taxes on merchants. Several of these customs posts were placed throughout Hadrian’s Wall, a wall dividing the northern region of Roman Britain.
Romans brought several advancements in industrialization to the British Isles. These advances significantly changed the economy of the region. Before Roman occupation, most people living on the British Isles relied on pastoralism and agriculture to survive. After Roman occupation, improvements in manufacturing techniques brought by Romans changed the crux of Britain’s heavy agrarian economy from small farming based to large-scale commercial farming based. Romans further introduced specialized manufacturing techniques to various other industries such as metalwork and textile and glassware production. For example, prior to occupation, pottery was typically handmade. Romans brought with them pottery wheels and the production of pottery multiplied significantly.
While progressive techniques in manufacturing increased the efficiency and the quantity of goods, they did not increase the size of products being produced. The places used for production also remained in mostly small craft facilities, similar to how they were during the end of the pre-Roman Iron Age.
One of the most important impacts of Roman conquests was the diluting of long standing hegemonic power that tribal aristocracies held over local populations. This was accomplished somewhat unintentionally. The primary reason for this loss in power was caused by the exposure of luxuries from Rome. As commercial goods from Rome began to flood into the British Isles, divisions in social status became evident. Romans offered gifts to
tribal leaders as a means of building ties between the two groups and ensuring peaceful cohabitation. Aristocrats quickly developed a taste for Roman art, architecture, fashion, jewelry, leisure activities, and other extravagant material comforts in a short period of time. Their attentions then became less focused on maintaining brutal dominance over localities and more on displaying their new found wealth.
1. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about imports to Britannia?
(A) There is evidence they came from places other than Rome.
(B) They were often resold to foreign investors in Britannia.
(C) They were taxed by merchants who controlled domestic markets.
(D) They had to pass through Hadrian’s Wall to ensure quality control.
Paragraph 2 states that “goods began to pour into the area from countries all across the then powerful Roman Empire.”
2. According to paragraph 4, the result of the Roman’s introducing specialized manufacturing techniques was
(A) handmade techniques became forgotten
(B) more products with less time and effort
(C) they made larger manufactured goods
(D) more small craft facilities were built
The paragraph states that the techniques “increased efficiency and the quantity of goods.”
3.According to paragraph 5, which would be an example of a gift the Romans may have given to tribal aristocrats?
(A) Exotic fruits
(B) Siege weaponry
(C) Agricultural techniques
(D) Diamond necklaces
Paragraph 5 states that aristocrats were given mostly “extravagant material comforts.”
Answer
1. A, 2.B, 3. D
[Vocabulary]
-provincial : adv. 주의, 지방의 / Relating to or coming from the parts of a country that
are not near the capital
-outpost : n. 전초 기지 / A group of building that are established as a military camp
-occupation : n. 점령 / Take control of people by military force
-domestic : adv. 국내의 / Relating to one particular country
-tapestry : n. 태피스트리(여러 가지 색실로 그림을 짜 넣은 직물) / A large piece of heavy cloth
on which colored threads are woven to produce a picture, pattern
-sophisticated : adv. 세련된, 교양 있는 / Well designed and very advanced
-brutal : adv. 잔혹한 / Cruel and violent
-pottery : n. 도자기 / Objects made out of baked clay
-craft : n. 공예 / A job in which you make things with hands
[전문 번역]
TOEFL Analytics - 토플 읽기 지문에 자주 등장하는 세계사 관련 주제 중 미국사, 영국사가 가장 빈번히 출제되는 추세다. 특히 영국사라면, 고대부터 중세, 근대에 걸쳐서 사건중심으로 역사적 흐름을 이해하고 있어야 어떤 지문이든지 무난히 접근할 수 있다. 최근에는 세계사와 관련된 서양 교육사가 출제되었으므로, 서양 역사의 기본 지식을 갖고 있어야 한다.
From 43 to 410 CE, a vast portion of the British Isles were under the control of the Roman Empire. The Romans referred to this region as Britannia. They established a provincial government and set up defensive outposts throughout occupied territories. However, the Romans were never able to fully conquer the region. By the 5th century, the Romans were forced to leave the British Isles, but the impact of their occupation remained in the form of various socioeconomic developments brought to the region throughout the nearly four centuries of occupation.
서기 43년부터 410년까지, 영국제도의 방대한 부분이 로마제국의 지배하에 있었다. 로마인들은 이 지역을 Britannia라고 불렀다. 로마인들은 지역정부와 장악한 모든 지역에 걸쳐 방어기지들을 건설했다. 하지만 로마인들은 지역을 모두 정복하지는 못했다. 5세기가 되어 로마인들은 영국제도를 떠나야만 했지만 그럼에도 불구하고, 거의 4세기 동안 그 지역을 장악한 로마인들의 정복은 그 지역에 다양한 사회경제적 발전에 영향을 주었다.
Roman occupation changed the economic development of the British Isles by bringing foreign investments and goods to domestic markets. Goods began to pour into the area from countries all across the then powerful Roman Empire. Archeological findings have shown that exotic imports were common and included olive oil, fruits, wines, decorative pottery, and fine tapestries. The growing commerce resulting from Roman investments also created a need for quality control measures. To ensure the quality of products entering the region, the Romans created more sophisticated trading procedures. One such method of quality control was customs posts used to inspect goods and to levy taxes on merchants. Several of these customs posts were placed throughout Hadrian’s Wall, a wall dividing the northern region of Roman Britain.
로마의 점령은 전국의 국내시장에 외국의 투자와 번영을 가져옴으로써 영국제도의 경제적 발전을 이루었다. 상품들이 로마제국의 중심과 변방들의 여러 나라들에서 영국제도로 쏟아져 들어오기 시작했다. 고고학적 발견들은 지중해와 메소포타미아와 같은 멀고 광범한 지역들로부터 올리브유, 과일, 포도주, 장식용 도자기, 질 좋은 벽걸이 융단을 포함한 이국적 수입품들이 대부분이었다.상업이 성장하여 북방의 로마화하지 않은 지역으로 더욱 확대됨에 따라서, 품질 관리 조치가 필요했다. 지역으로 들어오는 상품의 품질을 보증하기 위해서 로마인들은 더욱 정교한 무역절차를 만들었다. 품질 관리의 방법 중 하나는 상품을 검사하고 상인들로부터 세금을 징수하는 것이었다. 이것들의 몇 개는 로만 브리튼의 북쪽지역을 나누는 벽인 하드리아누스의 방벽에서 행해졌다.
Romans brought several advancements in industrialization to the British Isles. These advances significantly changed the economy of the region. Before Roman occupation, most people living on the British Isles relied on pastoralism and agriculture to survive. After Roman occupation, improvements in manufacturing techniques brought by Romans changed the crux of Britain’s heavy agrarian economy from small farming based to large-scale commercial farming based. Romans further introduced specialized manufacturing techniques to various other industries such as metalwork and textile and glassware production. For example, prior to occupation, pottery was typically handmade. Romans brought with them pottery wheels and the production of pottery multiplied significantly.
로마인들은 영국제도에 여러 산업화의 진보를 가져왔다. 이 진보는 그 지역의 경제를 상당히 변화시켰다. 로마인들이 도착하기 전에는, 대부분 사람들은 생계를 위해 유목과 농업에 의존했다. 그러나 로마인들의 도착 이후, 영국의 농업중심 경제의 핵심부분이 상업 작물의 대량재배로 바뀌었다. 로마인들은 또한 금속가공, 직물, 유리그릇과 같은 다양한 산업에 걸쳐서 전문화된 생산기술을 도입했다. 예를 들어, 로마인들이 들어오기 전에 도자기는 수공기술로 만들어졌다. 로마인들이 녹로를 들여와서 도자기 생산이 상당히 증가하였다.
While progressive techniques in manufacturing increased the efficiency and the quantity of goods, they did not increase the size of products being produced. The places used for production also remained in mostly small craft facilities, similar to how they were during the end of the pre-Roman Iron Age.
제조에 있어서의 혁신적인 기술이 효율성과 상품의 양을 증가시킨 반면, 생산된 상품의 크기를 증가시키지는 않았다. 생산하는 장소도 로만 시대 이전 철기시대 후기와 같은 여전히 작은 공예시설이 대부분이었다.
One of the most important impacts of Roman conquests was the diluting of long standing hegemonic power that tribal aristocracies held over local populations. This was accomplished somewhat unintentionally. The primary reason for this loss in power was caused by the exposure of luxuries from Rome. As commercial goods from Rome began to flood into the British Isles, divisions in social status became evident. Romans offered gifts to
tribal leaders as a means of building ties between the two groups and ensuring peaceful cohabitation. Aristocrats quickly developed a taste for Roman art, architecture, fashion, jewelry, leisure activities, and other extravagant material comforts in a short period of time. Their attentions then became less focused on maintaining brutal dominance over localities and more on displaying their new found wealth.
로마 정복의 가장 중요한 영향들 중 하나는 부족의 귀족들이 지역 주민들에게 가졌던 오래 지속된 패권의 희석이었다. 이것은 다소 비의도적으로 이루어졌다. 이것은 로마인들이 부족의 지도자들에게 선물을 제공하는 행위가 주요 원인이었다. 로마로부터 온 상업적인 상품들이 영국 제도에 넘쳐나기 시작했을 때 사회적 지위의 분열이 분명해졌다. 두 집단의 유대를 만들고 평화적 공존을 보장하려는 수단으로 로마인들이 부족의 지도자들에게 선물을 제공했다. 귀족들은 짧은 기간에 걸쳐서 로마의 예술, 건축, 유행, 보석, 여가활동, 그 밖의 호사스런 물질적 안락함에 빠르게 맛을 들였다. 그러자 그들의 관심은 지역민들에 대한 잔혹한 지배에는 덜 집중하게 되었고, 그들의 새로운 부를 과시하는데 더 집중하게 되었다.
1. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about imports to Britannia?
(A) There is evidence they came from places other than Rome.
(B) They were often resold to foreign investors in Britannia.
(C) They were taxed by merchants who controlled domestic markets.
(D) They had to pass through Hadrian’s Wall to ensure quality control.
Paragraph 2 states that “goods began to pour into the area from countries all across the then powerful Roman Empire.”
2. According to paragraph 4, the result of the Roman’s introducing specialized manufacturing techniques was
(A) handmade techniques became forgotten
(B) more products with less time and effort
(C) they made larger manufactured goods
(D) more small craft facilities were built
The paragraph states that the techniques “increased efficiency and the quantity of goods.”
3.According to paragraph 5, which would be an example of a gift the Romans may have given to tribal aristocrats?
(A) Exotic fruits
(B) Siege weaponry
(C) Agricultural techniques
(D) Diamond necklaces
Paragraph 5 states that aristocrats were given mostly “extravagant material comforts.”
1. A, 2.B, 3. D
Vocabulary
-provincial : adv. 주의, 지방의 / Relating to or coming from the parts of a country that
are not near the capital
-outpost : n. 전초 기지 / A group of building that are established as a military camp
-occupation : n. 점령 / Take control of people by military force
-domestic : adv. 국내의 / Relating to one particular country
-tapestry : n. 태피스트리(여러 가지 색실로 그림을 짜 넣은 직물) / A large piece of heavy cloth
on which colored threads are woven to produce a picture, pattern
-sophisticated : adv. 세련된, 교양 있는 / Well designed and very advanced
-brutal : adv. 잔혹한 / Cruel and violent
-pottery : n. 도자기 / Objects made out of baked clay
-craft : n. 공예 / A job in which you make things with hands |
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