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  Learning Times > TOEIC/TOEFL > TOEFL
 
  Date : 2011-06-24
Jazz dance
 
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Jazz dance takes its influence from a wide range of varying dance techniques and styles. The dance form traces its roots back to Africa and early US slave traditions. However, the modern form incorporates steps and moves from various other musical movements. In many ways, modern jazz dance reflects America¡¯s social history in that it mirrors the ethnic variety, the constant change in trends and moods of the population, as well as the clash between social classes. Today, jazz dance remains popular - not only for dancers and performers, but also for audiences all over the world. 
 
In the 1700s, the slave trade was flourishing and thousands of Africans were being transported across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. While the slaves were being transported they were encouraged to dance in order to maintain their physical fitness and strength. Once the slaves had arrived, dancing was often prohibited. This was due to laws in several American states which prohibited the playing of drums and other forms of traditional performance.
Nevertheless, the African slaves found other means of self-expression. Over time, slaves were exposed to the dancing styles and music of their owners. The exposure to western dance and music instigated among the African communities a fusion of those music and dance styles.
 
By the nineteenth century, Americans began to recognize the music and dance performed by slaves as a genuine art form. Minstrel shows were eventually created to mimic these performances. Initially these shows¡¯ performers were white with their faces painted black. The shows intended to parody the mannerisms of the slaves and helped to popularize the genre with white Americans. Upon emancipation, many ex-slaves began to replace white performers in minstrel shows. This lent an authenticity to the performances. One particularly popular dance among white Americans became known as the Cakewalk. The Cakewalk was a parody of how affluent white people were perceived to dance. 
  
As jazz music became more popular among mainstream America, so too did its accompanying dance style. Dances such as the Charleston, Jitterbug, Boogie Woogie and swing were soon commonly seen at dances and social functions throughout the country. The integration of audio technology in film also helped to boost the popularity of jazz as a whole new genre of film­ the musical. One prominent figure to the evolution of jazz dance was a choreographer named Jack Cole. Cole inspired generations with a fusion of ethnic and classical dance styles in his choreographies, which are now considered keystones of contemporary jazz dance. 
 
The latter half of the 20thcentury saw another influential figure in jazz dance, Bob Fosse. Fosse incorporated elements of classical ballet fused with burlesque into his dance routines. The combination gave the dance form a greater sex appeal. Fosse was responsible for such Broadway hits as Chicago, Cabaret, and All That Jazz. It is this style of staged, theatrical routine that contemporary jazz dance has now become known for. Many modern jazz dance companies require rigid training so their dancers can produce the turns and leaps that are so prevalent. However, despite the rigors of training, the biggest appeal that modern jazz dance has for a dancer is that it allows for a high level of improvisation. This gives the dance form a sense of freedom and unpredictability.
 
1. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT true?
(A) For many, slaving was a very profitable trade in the 1700s.
(B) Many African slaves were being sent to work in America.
(C) Slaves often found ways to creatively express themselves.
(D) Several states encouraged dancing to maintain slaves¡¯ fitness.
 
Paragraph 2 states that ¡°once the slaves had arrived, dancing was often prohibited.¡±
 
2. In paragraph 2, what can be inferred about certain African cultures?
(A) They were neither very strong nor physically fit.
(B) Music and dancing were integral parts of society.
(C) Jazz was a common form of dance in certain groups.
(D) They appreciated European music more than their own.
 
Paragraph 2 makes it clear that certain found the ¡°playing of drums and other forms of traditional performance¡± to be problematic. What does this say about African culture?
 
3. In paragraph 5, what can be said about contemporary jazz dance?
(A) It appears to be based more on classical ballet styles.
(B) It has become known for theatrically staged routines.
(C) Its rigid nature rarely has room for individual improvisation.
(D) It is predictable in the direction it will take in the future.
 
Paragraph 5 states contemporary jazz dance has become known for its ¡°staged, theatrical routine.¡±
 
Answer 
1. D, 2. B, 3. B
 
VOCABULARY LIST
 
genre : n. À帣 / A category or class of art, content, or technique
fusion : n. À¶ÇÕ, °áÇÕ / The act of merging together
burlesque : n. dzÀÚ±Ø(½Ã) / A humorous and often provocative stage show
exposure : n. ³ëÃâ, Æø·Î / The act of exhibiting oneself to outside influences
instigate : v. ½Ç½ÃÇÏ´Ù, ºÎÃß±â´Ù / To incite, provoke, or urge
genuine : adj. ÁøÂ¥ÀÇ, Áø½ÇÇÑ / Sincere or authentic
minstrel : n. À½¾Ç°¡ / Musician, singer, or poet
emancipation : n. ÇØ¹æ / To be free from bondage, restraint, or influence
authenticity : n. ÁøÂ¥ÀÓ / Of undisputed origin; reliable
affluent : adj. ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ / Having vast material wealth; prosperous; rich
 
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