| | TOEFL Analytics - °í´ë ¸¶¾ß ¹®¸í°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© ÅäÇÿ¡¼ ÃâÁ¦µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÁÖÁ¦µéÀº ¸¶¾ß¹®¸íÀÇ ¹ß´Þ, ¹®È, ¸ê¸ÁÀÌ´Ù. Áö¸®ÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¹° °ø±ÞÀÌ ¾î·Á¿î °÷¿¡ ÀÚ¸® ÀâÀº ¸¶¾ß¹®¸íÀº ¹° ºÎÁ·, °¡¹³À¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ¸ê¸Á Çß´Ù´Â °¡¼³ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ¸¶¾ßÀεéÀº ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¹ßÀüµÈ ¹° °ø±Þ ±â¼úµé·Î ÀÎÇØ Áö¿ªÀÇ ¹° °ø±Þ·® ¹®Á¦¸¦ ±Øº¹Çß´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¸¶¾ß¹®¸íÀÇ ¹° °ø±Þ ±â¼ú¿¡ °üÇÑ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ Áö¹®À» ÀÐ¾î º¸ÀÚ. The Maya were an indigenous group that lived throughout the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico and parts of modern Belize, Guatemala and Honduras. One of the greatest problems for this group was the availability of water. The problem is attributed to the geology of the peninsula, which, in prehistoric times, was situated under a shallow ocean that was home to a large coral reef. Over time, the ocean receded, and the reef turned into limestone. Unlike other types of rocks, limestone is extremely porous. Thus, when rain falls over the region, it quickly seeps through the limestone and goes deep underground. Though water was often difficult to obtain for the inhabitants of the Yucatan Peninsula, the Maya flourished for over one thousand years. They built great cities and developed impressive architectural techniques. They are also renowned for their extraordinary advancements in the fields of astronomy and mathematics. Further, they developed relatively advanced water supply technologies to overcome the limited supply of water. The first and most basic technique that the Maya used to acquire water was the aguada, which was essentially a small pit that was used to catch rainwater. The pits were commonly lined with clay in order to prevent seepage into the limestone layer below. Some of the pits occurred naturally; however, there is evidence that suggests that the Maya also created their own aguadas. Scientists believe that the Maya built their huts on top of raised dirt mounds and the ditch that remained after digging for dirt was transformed into an aguada. Though the huts have since disappeared, the holes for the aguadas remain. To provide a more reliable source of freshwater, many Mayan towns constructed large underground cisterns called choltuns under buildings. Rainwater flowed into the choltuns through a sophisticated drainage system. As with the aguadas, the inside of the choltuns were sealed with clay to aid with retention. Each choltun was able to hold large amounts of water, averaging 7,500 gallons, which was enough for about twenty-five people. Moreover, since they were located underground, evaporation was not a problem in choltuns. In total, this water supply technology made it possible to provide cities of up to 6,000 people with water year-round.
The most important water supply for Mayans was provided by nature in the form of cenotes. Cenotes are water-filled sinkholes that are created when rainwater soaks through the limestone and collects in caves underground. The openings of the cenotes naturally grow bigger over time as more water drips into them. An estimated 3,000 cenotes are scattered throughout the peninsula. Many cities were built around these formations because they held enough water to support a settlement. Beneath the limestone shelf there is actually an elaborate network of underground rivers and cenotes. Many cenotes are interconnected via the underground rivers and some eventually lead out to the sea. The movement keeps the water from becoming stagnant and discourages the growth of harmful organisms. Furthermore, because the water drips through layers of rock, it is naturally filtered. As a result, cenote water was one of the most sanitary sources of freshwater available to the Maya. 1. According to paragraph 1, how did the geology of the peninsula contribute to the Maya¡¯s water problems? (A) The water was very salty because it was located over an ancient sea. (B) Rainwater became trapped deep underground after it dripped through limestone. (C) The water collected on a coral reef where the water was too salty to drink. (D) The only bodies of water in the area are too shallow to hold very much water. Paragraph 1 states that rain water ¡°quickly seeps through the limestone and goes deep underground.¡± 2. According to paragraph 3, what purpose did the clay serve in the construction of an aguada? (A) It prevented water from collecting too close to homes. (B) It kept water from leaking through the limestone layer beneath it. (C) Its presence indicated the existence of an underground well. (D) It filtered rainwater and made it safe for the Maya to drink. Paragraph 3 states that ¡°the pits were commonly lined with clay in order to prevent seepage¡¦¡± 3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about Mayan huts? (A) They were torn down frequently. (B) They were built very close to important buildings. (C) They were constructed underground. (D) They were made from materials that did not last a long time. What is implied about the ancient structures which have ¡°disappeared¡±? Answer 1. B, 2.B, 3. D * Vocabulary indigenous : adj. ¿ø»êÀÇ, ÅäÂøÀÇ / native or original inhabitant with characteristics of a particular area porous : adj. ´Ù°ø¼ºÀÇ, Åõ°ú¼ºÀÇ / penetrable by water, air, etc. seepage : n. ħÅõ, ´©¼ö / leaking out; leakage renowned : adj. À¯¸íÇÑ / famous reliable : adj. ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â / dependable cistern : n. ¹°ÅÊÅ© / a container for holding water or other liquids sinkholes : n. ºø¹°¿¡ ÆÐÀÎ ±¸¸Û / a hole formed in rock by water which connects surface water to underground passages stagnant : adj. °í¿© ÀÖ´Â / not moving or running; stale or foul sanitary : adj. 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