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  Learning Times > TOEIC/TOEFL > TOEFL
 
  Date : 2011-06-03
Fostering Literacy Learning in Young Children
 
  TOEFL Analytics TM - ­ ÅäÇÿ¡¼­ ÀÚÁÖ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±³À° °ü·Ã Áö¹®µé Áß¿¡¼­ ¾î¸°ÀÌ ±³À°Àº ÅäÇà ´Ü°ñ ¼ÒÀç Áß Çϳª´Ù. ¾î¸°ÀÌ ±³À°¿¡¼­´Â ÇǾÆÁ¦ÀÇ ÀÎÁö¹ß´Þ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ ÁÖ·Î ÃâÁ¦µÇÁö¸¸, Literacy Áï, Àб⠾²±â ±³À°°ú ¹æ¹ý·Ðµµ ÃÖ±Ù ÃâÁ¦µÈ ³»¿ëÀÌ´Ù. ¾î¸°À̵鿡°Ô ÀÐ°í ¾²±â ´É·ÂÀÇ ¹ß´ÞÀ» ÃËÁø½Ã۱â À§ÇÑ ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀû ¿¬±¸°¡ Áß¿äÇØÁö°í ÀÖ´Â ¸¸Å­ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Áö°í ÁöÄѺ¼ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù.
 
Words are incorporated into every facet of our lives. They are on signs, labels, computer screens, televisions, advertisements, in books, and on many other materials. It is because of this that children are aware of words and letters even if they cannot yet comprehend their meaning. Children can often recognize print such as a stop sign, a certain label, or a product brand name prior to being able to read. This awareness and recognition is known as emergent literacy. Yet true literacy, unlike spoken language and emergent literacy, does not automatically happen. It must be acquired through deliberate learning. For parents to foster literacy interest in children there are two areas that should be paid attention to: environment and participation.
 
Creating an environment where children have easy access to literature of various forms will generally have a positive influence on their ability to acquire literacy skills. A living space that is filled with resources such as word and picture posters, children¡¯s books, and toys or games with educational purposes is an ideal environment for budding readers and writers. An environment such as this is potentially more conducive to expanding a child¡¯s interest in developing their existing literacy skills. Not only do they begin to recognize words holistically, but as their ability to recognize letters also grows, they may become aware of regular patterns within written words. Thus, children could more readily come to comprehend the relationship between the symbols of the alphabet and the oral utterances or meanings they represent.  
  
Also, there is speculation that an environment within which a child can observe others participating in recreational reading or writing activities is potentially beneficial. There are ample studies that indicate how second- or third-born children tend to read at a younger age than first-born children. These studies imply that younger siblings may learn indirectly, simply by participating or observing their older siblings involved in reading or writing activities. Such observation may instill the notion that reading and writing can be engaging and enjoyable, which may motivate a child to learn even more. Without the regular influence of readers or writers in the immediate environment, children may be led to believe that the act of reading or writing serves merely functional purposes.  
  
A  second area of focus that parents can control is the amount of time they spend reading with their children. It is an unfortunate reality that many parents do not have the economic means to create the ideal learning environment for their children. However, they can still promote literacy by spending time reading with their children. Activities such as shared book reading, that is, reading a book together, or storytelling helps to expand a child¡¯s vocabulary and language awareness. Research has shown these practices to be directly related to language growth as well as reading ability. Ideally during these activities, parents should not only read to their children but also have their children actively participate. For example, by reading a passage and then eliciting the words that will follow, they are encouraged to use their knowledge of vocabulary to guess the next word. In addition, encouraging children to phonetically sound the words out also increases their knowledge of alphabetic functions. The acquisition of literacy is an ongoing process. It is quite possible that even though a child has correctly read a word on one page, when faced with the same word on a different page, they still may not recognize it so patience on the adult¡¯s part is fundamental.
 
1. Why does the author mention children¡¯s toys and games?
(A) To suggest that toys and games are ideal for relieving the stress of study.
(B) To present an example of resources that can be used to develop literacy.
(C) To emphasize that learning in young children is effective if it is more fun.
(D) To imply that children are less interested in education than entertainment.
 
Paragraph 2 states that a ¡°living space that is filled with resources such as toys or games with educational purposes is an ideal environment.¡±
 
2. According to paragraph 3, what can be inferred about first-born children?
(A) They tend to acquire literacy at a faster rate when compared to younger siblings.
(B) Without the influence of other reader-writers, their skills cannot develop.
(C) They may possibly express comparably less interest in reading than their siblings.
(D) They have often been observed teaching their younger siblings how to read and write.
 
What can be inferred about children with an older sibling? How does this apply to the first-born?
 
3. According to paragraph 4, what can be inferred about shared reading activities?
(A) Parents may find its repetitive nature somewhat tedious.
(B) It can be an expensive activity which many cannot afford.
(C) It can be difficult for children who feel pressured into reading.
(D) It is only helpful if children have an understanding of phonetics.
 
What can be inferred when the author says ¡°patience on the adult¡¯s part is fundamental¡±?
 
Answer
1. B, 2. C, 3. A
 

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Vocabulary
 
* facet ­ n. Ãø¸é, ¾ç»ó / One of several parts of someone¡¯s character, a situation
* literacy ­ n. ÀÐ°í ¾µ ÁÙ ¾Æ´Â ´É·Â / The state of being able to read and write.
* potentially ­ adv. ÀáÀçÀûÀ¸·Î / In capable of developing into the particular thing
* conducive ­ adj. ~¿¡ ÁÁÀº / Making other thing likely to happen
* holistically ­ adv. Àüü·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î / Considering a person or thing as a whole
* utterance ­ n. ¹ß¾ð / Something you say
* speculation ­ n. ÃßÃø, ¾î¸²ÁüÀÛ / Guess about something without knowing all the facts
* siblings ­ n. ÇüÁ¦ ÀڸŠ/ A brother or sister
* acquisition ­ n. ½Àµæ / The process by which you gain knowledge or learn a skill
* fundamental ­ adj. ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ, ÇʼöÀûÀÎ / Relating to the most basic and important parts of something

ÀÚ·á Á¦°ø: ¢ßÄÄÆÛ½º¹Ìµð¾î toefl@compasspub.com
 

 
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