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  Learning Times > TOEIC/TOEFL > TOEFL
 
  Date : 2011-05-20
Stieglitz and Photography as Art
 
  TOEFL Analytics TM -­ ¾ÆÁÖ µ¶Æ¯Çϸ鼭µµ Èï¹Ì·Î¿î Àü¹® ºÐ¾ßÀÎ »çÁøÇÐÀº ÃÖ±Ù °ü½ÉÀÌ ±ÞµîµÇ¸é¼­ ¹Ì±¹´ëÇб³ÀÇ »çÁø °ü·Ã ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À̳ª ÄÚ½º µîÀÌ °³¼³µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù Ãß¼¼¿¡ µû¶ó ÅäÇÿ¡¼­µµ »çÁø¿¡ °üÇÑ Áö¹®ÀÌ ÃâÁ¦µÇ°í Àִµ¥, ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¿¹¼ú ºÐ¾ß °ü·Ã ÁÖÁ¦ Áß °ÇÃà, À½¾Ç, ¹®ÇÐ ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î ÀÚÁÖ ³ª¿À´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î »çÁø ¿¹¼úÀÌ´Ù.
 »çÁøÇÐÀº Å©°Ô ¼ø¼ö ¹Ì¼ú·Î¼­ÀÇ »çÁø ¿¹¼ú°ú ½Å¹® »çÁøÇÐÀ¸·Î ³ª´· ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̹ø¿¡´Â ¸®¾ó¸®ÁòÀÇ ¹¦»ç¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇÑ ±Ù´ë»çÁøÀÇ °³Ã´ÀÚ ¾ËÇÁ·¹µå ½ºÆ¼±Û¸®Ã÷(Alfred Stieglitz)ÀÇ »çÁø ¿¹¼ú¿¡ °üÇÑ Áö¹®À» »ìÆìº¸ÀÚ.
 
At a time when photography was not deemed a true art form, Alfred Stieglitz (1864-1946) captured the imagination of artists and art lovers with his simple and graceful images. Although he was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, Stieglitz began his career in Europe¡ªphotographing landscapes and people. It was there where he began to cultivate the skills which would earn him a crucial place in the history of visual arts.
 
Stieglitz lived in a state of economic freedom, bolstered by his family¡¯s wealth and supported by his art-loving father. Stieglitz received his first recognition as a photographer in 1887 with his photo The Last Joke¡ªBellagio which depicted a small group of peasant women and children. This elegant rendering of the mundane revealed an artistic sensitivity that would eventually place Stieglitz at the center of the emerging art of photography movement. Eventually, Stieglitz relocated to New York City. It was there where he used his prominent status within the art community to establish the Camera Club of New York¡ªa center for the advancement of new techniques and artistic expressions within the field of photography.
 
Stieglitz and many others within the emerging field of photography were inspired by the traditions and conventions of the fine arts, especially by the way in which painters and sculptors manipulated objects to articulate subjective emotions or themes. These early photographers maintained that their work was the same in nature and quality as that of traditional artists. This campaign, advocating the recognition of photography as fine art, was called Pictorialism, and Stieglitz was at its forefront. He dubbed the group ¡°Photo-Secession¡± because its primary principle was, in his words, ¡°seceding from the accepted idea of what constitutes a photograph.¡± Stieglitz also began publishing a new magazine titled Camera Work, which was dedicated to showcasing the works of the Photo-Secessionists.
 
Stieglitz never ceased his pursuit of new techniques and creative ideas. Pictorialist photographers, including Stieglitz, routinely used methods such as soft-focus and lens filters to attain effects similar to those seen in paintings. However, during a trip to Germany in 1907, Stieglitz once again broke the accepted norms of pictorialist photographers and took what would come to be remembered as one of the most inspiring photographs of all time.
 
The Steerage was a modest photo, taken from the upper-deck of a ship¡ªupon which Stieglitz was staying¡ªlooking down upon the lower deck (the steerage). Although the photo was not published until 1911, it has since been recognized for its social commentary and artistic pioneering. The Steerage diverged from other pictorialist photos, as it was sharply in-focus, taken without the use of filters, and developed without alterations. It showed form, line, and geometry in pure and unadulterated realism.
 
The social interpretations of The Steerage are equally profound. The people in the bottom of the frame were traveling back to Germany from America, presumably turned away after a failed attempt at immigration. The upper-deck passengers were upper-class citizens from both countries given not only the right to live and travel as they wish, but also given the more favorable accommodations on the boat. With The Steerage and the rest of his large body of work, Stieglitz left an indelible mark on the field of photography, as well as on the imaginations of generations of new artists.
 
1. According to paragraph 2, Stieglitz was able to engage in photography because
(A) he retired from his regular job
(B) he was funded by his wealthy family
(C) his first picture was incredibly successful
(D) his style was popular with average people
 
What can be assumed about Stieglitz from the statement ¡°Stieglitz lived in a state of economic freedom¡±?
 
2. According to paragraph 4, Stieglitz broke the conventions of his own movement by
(A) photographing class inequalities
(B) taking a clear, unfiltered picture
(C) imitating the effects of a painting
(D) altering a picture after it was taken
 
Paragraph 5, describes how Stieglitz¡¯s photo ¡°diverged from other Pictorialist photos.¡±
 
3. What can be inferred about Stieglitz when he photographed The Steerage?
(A) He was not carrying his lens filter.
(B) He did not intend to publish the photograph.
(C) He was traveling with upper-class passengers.
(D) He expected the photo to look more realistic.
 
Paragraph 5 states that Stieglitz took the photo from ¡°the upper-deck of a ship¡ªupon which he was staying.¡±
 
1. B, 2. B, 3. C
 
»çÁøÀÌ ÇϳªÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ¿¹¼úÇüÅ·Π¿©°ÜÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø ½Ã±â¿¡, Alfred Stieglitz (1864-1946)´Â ´Ü¼øÇÏ°í ¿ì¾ÆÇÑ ¿µ»óÀ¸·Î ¿¹¼ú°¡µé°ú ¿¹¼ú¾ÖÈ£°¡µéÀÇ »ó»ó·ÂÀ» »ç·ÎÀâ¾Ò´Ù. Stieglitz´Â New JerseyÀÇ Hoboken¿¡¼­ Ãâ»ýÇßÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí À¯·´¿¡¼­ Á÷Àå»ýȰÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿©, dz°æ°ú Àι°À» Âï°í, ±â¼úÀ» ¿¬¸¶Çߴµ¥, ±× ±â¼úÀº ±×¸¦ ½Ã°¢¿¹¼úÀÇ ¿ª»ç»ó Áß¿äÇÑ À§Ä¡¿¡ ÀÖ°Ô Çß´Ù.
 
Stieglitz´Â Áý¾ÈÀÇ ÀçÁ¤Àû Áö¿ø°ú ¿¹¼úÀ» »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ µµ¿òÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ °æÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î »îÀ» »ì¾Ò´Ù.  Stieglitz´Â The Last Joke¡ªBallagio¶ó´Â »çÁøÀ¸·Î 1887³â »çÁøÀÛ°¡·Î¼­ óÀ½ ÀÎÁ¤¹Þ¾Ò´Âµ¥, ±× »çÁøÀº ³ó±º ¾Æ³«µé°ú ¾î¸°À̵éÀÇ ÀÛÀº ¹«¸®¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. Stieglitz´Â ÀÌ·± ÀÏ»ó»ç¸¦ ¿ì¾ÆÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¿¹¼úÀû °¨¼ºÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇߴµ¥, ±×°ÍÀº °á±¹ ±×¸¦ ½ÅÈï »çÁø¿¹¼úÀÇ Á߽ɿ¡ ¼­°Ô Çß´Ù. Stieglitz´Â ¸¶Ä§³» ´º¿åÀ¸·Î µÇµ¹¾Æ¿Â µÚ¿¡ ¿¹¼ú°øµ¿Ã¼ ¾È¿¡¼­ÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ÁöÀ§¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ´º¿å Ä«¸Þ¶ó Ŭ·´À» ¼³¸³Çߴµ¥, ±×°÷Àº ±× ºÐ¾ßÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ±â¼ú°ú ¿¹¼úÀû Ç¥ÇöÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀ» À§ÇÑ Áß½ÉÁ¡À̾ú´Ù.
 
Stieglitz¿Í ½ÅÈï »çÁøºÐ¾ßÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº À̵éÀº ¹Ì¼úÀÇ ÀüÅë°ú °ü½À ±×¸®°í È­°¡µé°ú Á¶°¢°¡µéÀÌ ÁÖ°üÀû Á¤¼­³ª ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ´ë»óÀ» Á¶ÀÛÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡¼­ ¿µ°¨À» ¾ò¾ú´Ù. À̵é Ãʱ⠻çÁøÀÛ°¡µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ÀÛǰÀÌ ±× ¼º°Ý°ú Áú¿¡ À־ ÀüÅëÀû ¿¹¼ú°¡µéÀÇ ÀÛǰ°ú °°´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. »çÁøÀ» ¹Ì¼ú·Î ÀÎÁ¤Çϵµ·Ï ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â ÀÌ ¿îµ¿Àº ¿µ»óÁß½ÉÁÖÀǶó°í ºÒ·¶°í, Stieglitz´Â °¡Àå Àú¸íÇÑ ÁöµµÀÚµé °¡¿îµ¥ Çϳª¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ±× Áý´ÜÀ» »çÁø-ºÐ¸®µ¶¸³ÁÖÀǶó°í ¸í¸íÇߴµ¥, ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±×ÀÇ ¸»´ë·Î ù° ¿øÄ¢ÀÌ ¡°»çÁøÀÌ °®´Â Åë³ä¿¡¼­ ºÐ¸®, µ¶¸³ÇÏ´Â °Í¡±À̾ú±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. Stieglitz´Â Camera Work¶ó´Â »õ·Î¿î ÀâÁö¸¦ ¹ß°£Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´°í, »çÁø-ºÐ¸®µ¶¸³ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ ÀÛǰµéÀ» ½Æ´Âµ¥ Àü³äÇß´Ù.
 
Stieglitz´Â »õ·Î¿î ±â¼ú°ú âÁ¶Àû ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î °³¹ßÀÇ Ãß±¸¸¦ ¸ØÃßÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. Stieglitz¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¿µ»óÁß½ÉÁÖÀÇ »çÁøÀÛ°¡µéÀº ±×¸²¿¡¼­ º¸´Â °Í°ú ºñ½ÁÇÑ È¿°ú¸¦ ¾ò±â À§ÇÏ¿© ¿¬ ÃÊÁ¡°ú ·»ÁîÇÊÅÍ °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÀÏ»óÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Stieglitz´Â 1907³â µ¶ÀÏ·Î µÇµ¹¾Æ°¡´Â ¿©Çà Áß¿¡ ¿ëÀÎµÈ ±Ô¹üµéÀ» ¶Ç ´Ù½Ã ±ú°í¼­ ¿ª»ç»ó °¡Àå °¨µ¿Àû »çÁøµé °¡¿îµ¥ Çϳª·Î ±â¾ïµÉ »çÁøÀ» Âï¾ú´Ù.
 
The Steerage´Â Æò¹üÇÑ »çÁøÀ̾ú´Âµ¥, Stieglitz°¡ Ÿ°í ÀÖ´ø ¹èÀÇ »ó°©ÆÇ¿¡¼­ Çϰ©ÆÇÀ» ³»·Á´Ùº¸¸ç ÂïÀº °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ±× »çÁøÀº, ºñ·Ï 1911³â±îÁö ÃâÆÇµÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸, ±× ÈÄ »çÁøÀÇ »çȸÀû ºñÆÇ°ú ¿¹¼úÀû °³Ã´À¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. The Steerage´Â, ¼±¸íÇÏ°Ô ÃÊÁ¡ÀÌ ¸ÂÃß¾îÁ® ÀÖ¾î ÇÊÅ͸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ¼öÁ¤ ¾øÀÌ Çö»óµÇ¾î¼­, ´Ù¸¥ ¿µ»óÁß½ÉÁÖÀÇ »çÁøµé°ú´Â ´Þ¶ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ÇüÅÂ¿Í ¼± ±×¸®°í ±¸Á¶¸¦ ¼ø¼öÇÏ°í ¼ø¹ÚÇÑ »ç½ÇÁÖÀÇ·Î º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.
 
The SteerageÀÇ »çȸÀû ÇØ¼®µéÀº ÇѰᰰÀÌ ½É¿ÀÇÏ´Ù. È­¸éÀÇ ÇÏ´Ü¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ À̹ο¡ ½ÇÆÐÇÏ°í ¿Ü¸é´çÇÏ¿© ¹Ì±¹À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ µ¶ÀÏ·Î µÇµ¹¾Æ°¡°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. »ó°©ÆÇ ¼±°´µéÀº µÎ ³ª¶ó ¸ðµÎ¿¡¼­ »óÃþ °è±ÞÀÇ ½Ã¹Îµé·Î ±×µéÀÌ ¿øÇÏ´Â ´ë·Î »ì°í ¿©ÇàÇÒ ±Ç¸®°¡ ÁÖ¾îÁ³À» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¹è¿¡¼­ ´õ ÁÁÀº ¼±½ÇÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁ®¼­ ºÒ¿îÇÑ ¼±°´µéÀÇ °ï°æÀ» ³»·Á´Ù º¸°í ÀÖ´Ù. Stieglitz´Â The Steerage¿Í ±×ÀÇ ¸¹Àº ÀÛǰµé·Î »çÁøºÐ¾ß»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »õ·Î¿î ¿¹¼ú°¡ ¼¼´ëµéÀÇ »ó»ó·Â¿¡ Áö¿ï ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÀÚÃ븦 ³²°å´Ù.

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