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  Date : 2011-04-22
Development of the mechanical clock
 
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In the current globalized age, timekeeping is an inescapable facet of all modern societies. The modern world is dependent on chronological precision. However, despite the emphasis placed on time in the modern era, many people are unaware as to exactly when and how timekeeping mechanisms were invented and developed. Clocks have existed in diverse forms and variations throughout history. Over the ages, they have been developed from the most simplistic of tabletop dials to incredibly complex pieces of machinery and engineering.
 
It is now known that the Babylonians employed elementary sun dials. Nevertheless, many believe it was the Egyptian obelisk which first allowed for somewhat acute timekeeping. An obelisk is a vertically pointed needle which projects an elongated shadow moving in rotation with the sun. This shadow is projected onto a segmented horizontal disk, or sundial. Egyptians could use this shadow to infer the time of day. For instance, midday was indicated by the shortest shadow cast by the obelisk, typically falling upon the center of the dial. The Egyptians were also able to use this design to identify the summer and winter solstices. Respectively, these terms refer to the longest and the shortest days of the year. The solstices were marked when the obelisk cast either the shortest or longest shadow of the year when measured at midday. Hence, with the obelisk sun dial, the Egyptians could not only accurately describe what hour of the day it was, but also the time of the year.
 
Sun dials proved to be a simple yet accurate method of keeping the time for many ancient societies. However, their effectiveness dissipated with fading light or once the sun descended over the horizon. Therefore, more elaborate systems were required in order to tell time at night. The Ancient Greeks¡¯ knowledge of mechanical theory allowed for much more scientific applications to time measurement. Archimedes, the Greek mathematician, created a device which utilized a regular flow of water in order to keep track of the hours. Simple in principle, a container was filled with water which flowed into a secondary chamber at a constant rate. As the second chamber filled with liquid, a lever attached to a buoyancy device would rise with the water level, pointing to markers which indicated the time.
 
No discussion of chronometer mechanics would be complete without addressing the pendulum. First studied in the late 1500s, pendulums, a kind of swinging weight, have been employed as a timekeeping device for more than four centuries. Although Galileo Galilei initially enlightened the world to the motion of the pendulum, it was Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens who patented the first clock incorporating this device. Using a short pendulum encased in a wooden box, Huygens invention proved to be remarkably more accurate than any other known clock of the era. The pendulum clock underwent several further developments over the years, all of which aided in increasing accuracy. It was later discovered that smaller swings were associated with less variability in the oscillation time of the weight; hence, a higher degree of accuracy.
 
Until the 1970s, pendulums clocks were the most prevalent form of timekeeper in the developed world. However, the quartz clock quickly overtook them due to its even greater accuracy. A quartz clock uses a quartz crystal to regulate an electronic oscillator. Since the 1970s, quartz crystal technology has dominated clock manufacturing due to its accuracy, and has been applied to digital wristwatches and wall clocks alike, as well as to the giant clocks mounted on modern skyscrapers in many cities throughout the world.
 
1. In paragraph 2, why does the author mention the summer and winter solstices?
(A) To suggest the sundial worked differently through the seasons.
(B) To highlight the reliability of a relatively simplistic device.
(C) To show that the Egyptians had no concept of months or years.
(D) To insinuate that Egyptians practiced rituals based on seasons.
 
To solve this problem you must connect that the summer and winter solstices indicate a change in season as well as a change in time.
 
2. According to paragraph 3, what can be inferred about sun dials?
(A) Their effectiveness was dependent on sunny conditions.
(B) Their accuracy was envied by Greek mathematicians.
(C) They were very rarely used by the Ancient Greeks.
(D) They led to a mathematical analysis of the sun¡¯s movements.
 
The passage states that the effectiveness of sun dials was ¡°dissipated with fading light.¡±
 
3. According to paragraph 4, what can be inferred about pendulum clocks?
(A) Hugyens claimed Galileo¡¯s ideas for his own.
(B) They were initially large and bulky in shape.
(C) Many people had a hand in their development.
(D) They were instrumental in society¡¯s development.
 
The passage states that the ¡°pendulum clock underwent several further developments over the years.¡±
 
 
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (C)
 
 
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